Síndrome de Brown-Séquard como forma de presentación de mielitis transversa idiopática / Brown-Séquard syndrome as a presentation of idiopathic transverse myelitis

El síndrome de Brown-Séquard es el conjunto de signos y síntomas causado por hemisección medular de diversos orígenes. Puede generarse por múltiples causas; las traumáticas son las más frecuentes. Las causas menos frecuentes son patología inflamatoria, isquémica, tumoral o infecciosa. Se presenta un niño de 12 años, con instauración aguda y progresiva de un síndrome de hemisección medular derecho, con parálisis hipo/arrefléctica homolateral y afectación de sensibilidad termoalgésica contralateral. En la resonancia magnética de médula espinal, se observó compromiso inflamatorio en hemimédula derecha a nivel de segunda y tercera vértebras torácicas. Con diagnóstico de mielitis transversa idiopática, inició tratamiento con corticoide intravenoso a altas dosis con evolución clínica favorable y restitución de las funciones neurológicas.

Brown-Séquard syndrome refers to a set of signs and symptoms caused by hemisection of the spinal cord from various sources. It may have multiple causes; traumatic injuries are the most frequent ones. The less common causes include inflammation, ischemia, tumors, or infections. This report is about a 12-year-old boy with an acute and progressive course of right hemisection of the spinal cord, with ipsilateral hypo/areflexic paralysis and contralateral loss of thermalgesic sensation. The MRI of the spinal cord showed inflammation in the right side of the spinal cord at the level of the second and third thoracic vertebrae. The patient was diagnosed with idiopathic transverse myelitis and was started on intravenous high-dose corticosteroids; he showed a favorable clinical course and recovered neurological functions.

Guidelines for management of pediatric acute hyperextension spinal cord injury / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

Pediatric acute hyperextension spinal cord injury (SCI) named as PAHSCI by us, is a special type of thoracolumbar SCI without radiographic abnormality and highly related to back-bend in dance training, which has been increasingly reported. At present, it has become the leading cause of SCI in children, and brings a heavy social and economic burden. Both domestic and foreign academic institutions and dance education organizations lack a correct understanding of PAHSCI and relevant standards, specifications or guidelines. In order to provide standardized guidance, the expert team formulated this guideline based on the principles of science and practicability, starting from the diagnosis, differential diagnosis, etiology, admission evaluation, treatment, complications and prevention. This guideline puts forward 23 recommendations for 14 related issues.

Prognosis of traumatic spinal cord injury in children: Follow-up of 86 patients / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#The long-term situation of children with spinal cord injury (SCI) was investigated, and suggestions for helping them better return to the society were provided.@*METHODS@#SCI patients less than 18 years old hospitalized in Beijing Boai Hospital from January 2011 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Information including motor function, complications, characteristic changes, self-care abilities, school attendance and social participation were collected by telephone interview and electronic questionnaire. All the answers were statistically analyzed.@*RESULTS@#A total of 86 cases were enrolled, 77 girls and 9 boys, with a median injury age of 6 years and 2 months. The follow-up time was 3-130 months. The main cause of trauma in these children was sport injury (66.3%), the thoracic spinal cord was involved the most (91.9%), and complete SCIs accounted for the majority (76.7%). In terms of complications, children with complete SCIs were more likely to have urinary incontinence, constipation and characteristic changes (p < 0.05); whereas the incomplete SCIs often have spasticity (p < 0.05). As to the daily living abilities, children with incomplete lumbar SCIs were more capable to accomplish personal hygiene, transfer, and bathing independently than those with complete injuries, or cervical/thoracic SCIs, respectively (p < 0.05). Moreover, children older than 9 years care more able to dress and transfer independently than the youngers (p < 0.05). Wheelchair users accounted for 84.9% and more than half of them were able to propel wheelchair independently, and those who move passively in wheelchairs were mostly introverted kids (p < 0.05). Almost all (93.8%) children with incomplete injuries were able to walk independently. Most (79.1%) children continued to attending school, and 41.9% participated in interest classes. Unfortunately, 67.4% of the children spent less time playing with their peers than before the injury.@*CONCLUSION@#SCIs impair physical structures and function of children, affect their independence in daily living, and restrict school attendance and social interaction. Comprehensive rehabilitation after injury is a systematic work. Medical staff and caregivers should not only pay attention to neurological function, but also help them improve self-care abilities. It is also important to balance rehabilitation training and school work and social participation.

Manejo conservador del trauma renal pediátrico de alto grado: Reporte de dos casos clínicos / Conservative management of high-grade pediatric renal trauma: Report of two clinical cases

El traumatismo es una de las principales causas de morbimortalidad en pediatría. El trauma renal constituye del 1-5% de todos los traumas y la lesión traumática de órgano intraabdominal más frecuente. El manejo conservador de lesiones traumáticas de órganos sólidos se ha consolidado en la última década. Presentamos dos pacientes pediátricos atendidos conservadoramente por lesiones renales traumáticas de alto grado. Caso 1: Masculino de 9 años, sin antecedentes patológicos, con contusión en zona lumbar derecha por caída desde un árbol de 2 metros de altura que ingreso con hematuria macroscópica, dolor intenso y estable hemodinámicamente. Tomografía abdominal (TAC) contrastada evidencia lesión renal grado IV. Se brindó manejo conservador: analgesia, hidratación endovenosa de mantenimiento, terapia con antibióticos, reposo y colocación de catéter doble J, egresado 11 días después y citado en consulta externa a los 2 meses, TAC de control muestra evolución favorable, asintomático y con función renal sin alteraciones. Caso 2: Escolar masculino de 10 años, sin antecedentes patológicos, con trauma toracoabdominal derecho luego de caída en precipicio de 5 metros de altura. Ingreso con intenso dolor en flanco derecho, resistencia muscular voluntaria, hemodinámicamente estable y sin compromiso respiratorio. Ultrasonido abdominal informa hematoma perirrenal derecho. TAC abdominal Residente de Medicina Pediátrica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Valle de Sula **Médico especialista en Cirugía Pediátrica, Honduras. Dirigir correpondencia a: dr.daniel.almazan@gmail.com Recibido: 20 de mayo de 2021 Aprobado: 13 de Julio de 2021 evidencia lesión renal derecha grado V. Manejo conservador con hidroterapia de mantenimiento, terapia con antibióticos, analgesia y reposo. Se colocó catéter doble J. Egresa y se cita al mes de evolución, TAC abdominal de control favorable y asintomático en el seguimiento. El manejo conservador de la lesión renal en pacientes pediátricos hemodinámicamente estables es exitoso individualizando el caso adecuadamente y clasificando apropiadamente el grado de lesión...(AU)

Incidência de lesão por pressão em lesados medulares internados em unidades de terapia intensiva / Incidence of pressure ulcer in spinal cord injured patients admitted to intensive care units / Incidencia de lesión por presión en lesionados medulares internados en unidades de terapia intensiva

Objetivo: Verificar incidência de lesão por pressão em clientes com lesão medular internados em Unidades Intensivas logo após o trauma e os fatores de risco para seu desenvolvimento. Método: estudo epidemiológico e retrospectivo através de análise dos prontuários período de julho de 2013 a julho de 2014. Foi realizada análise descritiva e comparou-se as proporções por meio de teste não paramétrico. Resultados: analisou-se 98 prontuários de clientes com lesão medular e 64 desenvolveram lesão por pressão, coeficiente global de incidência de 65,3%. A incidência foi maior no sexo feminino e quanto maior a média de idade maior a sua incidência. A mobilidade no leito passiva e o tempo de internação teve correlação positiva com o surgimento de lesão por pressão. Conclusão:lesados medulares apresentam-se susceptíveis ao surgimento de lesão por pressão na primeira internação após o trauma e o seu impacto é significativo pois configura-se como barreira à reintegração social

Objective:To verify the incidence of pressure ulcer in patients with spinal cord injury admitted to intensive care units immediately after trauma and the risk factors for its development. Method:epidemiological and retrospective study through analysis of medical records from July 2013 to July 2014. Descriptive analysis was performed and the proportions were compared by nonparametric test. Results: we analyzed 98 medical records of clients with spinal cord injury and 64 developed pressure ulcer, overall incidence coefficient of 65.3%. The incidence was higher in females and the higher the average age the higher its incidence. Passive bed mobility and length of stay were positively correlated with the onset of pressure ulcer. Conclusion: spinal cord injuries are susceptible to the emergence of pressure ulcer in the first hospitalization after trauma and its impact is significant because it is a barrier to social reintegration

Objetivo: Verificar la incidencia de lesión por presión en pacientes con lesión de la médula espinal ingresados en unidades de cuidados intensivos inmediatamente después del trauma y los factores de riesgo para su desarrollo. Método: estudio epidemiológico y retrospectivo a través del análisis de registros médicos de julio de 2013 a julio de 2014. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y las proporciones se compararon mediante una prueba no paramétrica. Resultados: analizamos 98 registros médicos de clientes con lesión de la médula espinal y 64 lesiones por presión desarrolladas, coeficiente de incidencia general del 65,3%. La incidencia fue mayor en las mujeres y cuanto mayor es la edad promedio, mayor es su incidencia. La movilidad pasiva en cama y la duración de la estadía se correlacionaron positivamente con el inicio de la lesión por presión. Conclusión: las lesiones de la médula espinal son susceptibles a la aparición de lesiones por presión en la primera hospitalización después del trauma y su impacto es significativo porque es una barrera para la reintegración social

Efficacy and safety of tolperisone versus baclofen among Chinese patients with spasticity associated with spinal cord injury: a non-randomized retrospective study

There are many medications available to treat spasticity, but the tolerability of medications is the main issue for choosing the best treatment. The objectives of this study were to compare the efficacy and adverse effects of tolperisone compared to baclofen among patients with spasticity associated with spinal cord injury. Patients received baclofen plus physical therapy (BAF+PT, n=135) or tolperisone plus physical therapy (TOL+PT, n=116), or physical therapy alone (PT, n=180). The modified Ashworth scale score, the modified Medical Research Council score, the Barthel Index score, and the Disability Assessment scale score were improved (P<0.05 for all) in all the patients at the end of 6 weeks compared to before interventions. After 6 weeks, the overall coefficient of efficacy of the intervention(s) in the BAF+PT, TOL+PT, and PT groups were 1.15, 0.45, and 0.05, respectively. The patients of the BAF+PT group reported asthenia, drowsiness, and sleepiness and those of the TOL+PT group reported dyspepsia and epigastric pain as adverse effects. When comparing drug interventions to physical therapy alone, both baclofen plus physical therapy and tolperisone plus physical therapy played a significant role in the improvement of daily activities of patients. Nonetheless, baclofen plus physical therapy was tentatively effective. Tolperisone plus physical therapy was slightly effective. In addition, baclofen caused adverse effects related to the sedative manifestation (Level of Evidence: III; Technical Efficacy Stage: 4).

Social participation and personal autonomy of individuals with spinal cord injury / Participación social y autonomía personal de individuos con lesión medular / Participação social e autonomia pessoal de indivíduos com lesão medular

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate, based on scientific literature, evidence on social participation and personal autonomy of individuals with spinal cord injury. Method: Integrative review of the literature including studies published between January 2006 and September 2016, obtained in the databases PubMed, CINAHL and LILACS. The guiding question was: "What evidence is available in the scientific literature about the social participation and/or personal autonomy of individuals with spinal cord injury?" The data were processed by IRaMuTeQ and analyzed by the Hierarchical Descending Classification, according to the expertise of the researchers. Results: Six selected studies discussed social participation, one discussed personal autonomy and two discussed both. 107 text segments were retained and gave rise to five classes. Conclusion: There is little specificity regarding the characteristics of social participation and personal autonomy of individuals with spinal cord injury. The existence of barriers forces them to adopt strategies to participate autonomously.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Investigar, a partir de la literatura, evidencias sobre la participación social y la autonomía personal de individuos con lesión medular. Método: Se trata de una revisión integradora que incluye estudios publicados entre enero de 2006 y septiembre de 2016, obtenidos en las bases PubMed, CINAHL y LILACS. Se definió como pregunta directriz: "¿Cuáles son las evidencias disponibles en la literatura científica acerca de la participación social y/o de la autonomía personal de individuos con lesión medular?" Los datos se procesaron con el IRaMuTeQ y se analizaron mediante la Clasificación Jerárquica Descendiente de acuerdo con la experticia de los investigadores del tema. Resultados: Se seleccionaron seis estudios que discurrían sobre la participación social, uno que trataba sobre la autonomía personal y dos, sobre ambas. Se retuvieron 107 segmentos de textos, lo que derivó en la formación de cinco clases. Conclusión Es evidente la falta de datos específicos sobre las características de la participación social y de la autonomía personal de individuos con lesión medular. La existencia de estas barreras los obliga a adoptar tácticas para participar de forma autónoma.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar, a partir da literatura, evidências acerca da participação social e autonomia pessoal de indivíduos com lesão medular. Método: Revisão integrativa incluindo estudos publicados entre janeiro de 2006 e setembro de 2016 obtidos nas bases PubMed, CINAHL e LILACS. Definiu-se como questão norteadora: "Quais são as evidências disponibilizadas na literatura científica acerca da participação social e/ou da autonomia pessoal de indivíduos com lesão medular?". Os dados foram processados pelo IRaMuTeQ e analisados pela Classificação Hierárquica Descendente em conformidade com a expertise dos pesquisadores no tema. Resultados: Seis estudos selecionados discorreram sobre a participação social, um sobre a autonomia pessoal e dois sobre ambas. Foram retidos 107 segmentos de texto, resultando na formação de cinco classes. Conclusão: Há pouca especificidade em relação às características da participação social e da autonomia pessoal de indivíduos com lesão medular. A existência de barreiras obriga-os a adotar táticas para participar de forma autônoma.

Bowel rehabilitation of individuals with spinal cord injury: video production / Rehabilitación intestinal de individuos con lesión medular: producción de vídeo / Reabilitação intestinal de indivíduos com lesão medular: produção de vídeo

ABSTRACT Objective: produce and validate an educational video about bowel emptying maneuvers for training of individuals with neurogenic bowel in bowel rehabilitation process. Method: this is a methodological study developed in four stages: script/storyboard production, validation, educational video production and pilot study, which was conducted from January 2013 to July 2015. Instruments for validation, which was performed from December 2014 to February 2015 by a group of experts. A value equal to or greater than 70% was considered for validation of agreement and relevance of the script and storyboard, using descriptive statistics for data analysis. Results: the script and storyboard were validated by 94% of the experts in the subject and 100% of the technicians. After validation and video recording, the pilot study was conducted with six individuals with neurogenic bowel - 100% of them evaluated the video positively. Conclusion: the video may contribute to the education of individuals with neurogenic bowel.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Producir y validar video educativo sobre maniobras de vaciamiento intestinal para capacitar individuos con intestino neurogénico sobre el proceso de rehabilitación intestinal. Método: Estudio metodológico desarrollado en cuatro etapas: guionado/storyboard, validación, producción del vídeo educativo y prueba piloto. Realizado entre enero 2013 y julio2015. Validación mediante instrumentos, efectuada por comité de expertos, con experiencia en vídeos de diciembre 2014 a febrero 2015. Valor de concordancia y pertinencia de guionado y storyboard considerado en 70% o superior. Datos analizados por estadística descriptiva. Resultados: Guionado y storyboard validados por 94% de expertos en temática y 100% de expertos técnicos. Validado y grabado el vídeo, se realizó prueba piloto con seis individuos con intestino neurogénico, 100% evaluó positivamente el vídeo. Conclusión: El vídeo contribuirá a educar a individuos con intestino neurogénico.

RESUMO Objetivo: produzir e validar vídeo educativo sobre manobras de esvaziamento intestinal para capacitação de indivíduos com intestino neurogênico, no processo de reabilitação intestinal. Método: estudo metodológico, desenvolvido em quatro etapas: produção do roteiro/storyboard, validação , produção do vídeo educativo e estudo-piloto. Ocorreu no período de janeiro de 2013 a julho de 2015. Para a validação, utilizaram-se instrumentos, sendo realizada por um comitê de especialistas, no período de dezembro de 2014 a fevereiro de 2015. Considerou-se valor igual ou superior a 70% para validação de concordância e pertinência do roteiro e storyboard, utilizando-se estatística descritiva para análise dos dados. Resultados: o roteiro e storyboard foram validados por 94% dos especialistas na temática e 100% dos especialistas técnicos. Após validação e gravação do vídeo, foi realizado estudo-piloto com seis indivíduos com intestino neurogênico, dos quais 100% avaliaram o vídeo positivamente. Conclusão: o vídeo poderá contribuir para a educação de indivíduos com intestino neurogênico.

Intra-hospital complications in acute traumatic spinal cord injury / Complicações intra-hospitalares em pacientes com lesão medular traumática aguda

There is scarce data about intra-hospital complications in acute traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI). Objective: To report characteristics of complications in patients with TSCI in a major trauma center. Method: This is a cross-sectional study with 434 patients with acute TSCI from 2004 to 2014. Outcomes were frequency and description of complications, length of hospital stay (LOS), and causes of increased LOS. Results: Patients presented at least 1 complication in 82.2% of the cases: urinary tract infection (UTI) = 64.4%, pressure ulcers (PU) = 50.6%, and pneumonia = 23.7%. Pneumonia, intubation and cases of surgical corrections for PU were independently associated with increased LOS. Conclusion: UTIs and PUs were the most frequent complications. Investigating its causes and consequences is paramount in the care of patients with SCI. Possible reasons for such complications could comprise time, and frequency of repositioning in bed. Investigating intra-hospital complications is paramount in SCI centers.

Há poucos dados sobre complicações hospitalares em pacientes com LMT aguda. Objetivo: Reportar as características de complicações em pacientes com LMT em um grande centro de trauma. Método: Estudo transversal com 434 pacientes com LMT aguda de 2004 a 2014. Os desfechos foram a frequência e característica das complicações, o tempo de internação (TDI), e fatores associados com seu aumento. Resultados: Incidência de complicações foi 82,2%, sendo as mais frequentes: infecção do trato urinário (ITU)=64,4%, úlcera de pressão (UP)= 50,6% e pneumonia= 23,7%. Pneumonia, intubação, e ser submetido a qualquer cirurgia para UP foram independentemente associados com aumento do TDI. Conclusão: ITUs e UP foram as complicações mais prevalentes, e devem ser melhor estudadas para melhor atenção a LMT. As investigações sobre as complicações na lesão medular traumática devem ser mandatórias nos centros e unidades dedicadas ao tratamento da Lesão Medular.

Can hydrophilic coated catheters be beneficial for the public healthcare system in Brazil? - A cost-effectiveness analysis in patients with spinal cord injuries

ABSTRACT Introduction Detrusor sphincter dyssynergia affects 70% to 80% of all spinal cord injury patients, resulting in increased risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs) and potential exposure to antimicrobial resistance. In Brazil, local guidelines recommend intermittent catheterization as the best method for bladder emptying, and two catheter types are available: the conventional uncoated PVC and the hydrophilic coated catheters. Objective To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of two types of catheters for intermittent catheterization from the perspective of the Brazilian public healthcare system. Materials and Methods A Markov model was used to evaluate cost-effectiveness in those with spinal cord injuries. A primary analysis was conducted on all possible adverse events, and a secondary analysis was performed with urinary tract infections as the only relevant parameter. The results were presented as cost per life years gained (LYG), per quality-adjusted life years (QALY) and per number of urinary tract infections (UTIs) avoided. Results The base scenario of all adverse events shows a cost-effective result of hydrophilic coated catheters compared to uncoated PVC catheters at 57,432 BRL (Brazilian Reais) per LYG and 122,330 BRL per QALY. The secondary scenario showed that the use of hydrophilic coated catheters reduces the total number of UTIs, indicating that an additional cost of hydrophilic coated catheters of 31,240 BRL over a lifetime will reduce lifetime UTIs by 6%. Conclusions Despite the higher unit value, the use of hydrophilic coated catheters is a cost-effective treatment from the perspective of the Brazilian public healthcare system.

Intradetrusor onabotulinumtoxinA injections are significantly more efficacious than oral oxybutynin for treatment of neurogenic detrusor overactivity: results of a randomized, controlled, 24-week trial / Injeções intradetrusoras de onabotulinumtoxinA são significativamente mais eficazes que oxibutinina oral para tratamento da hiperatividade detrusora neurogênica: resultados de estudo randomizado e controlado de 24 semanas

ABSTRACT Objective To prospectively compare the results of intradetrusor onabotulinumtoxinA injections and oral oxybutynin for urinary continence, urodynamic parameters and quality of life in patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity due to spinal cord injury. Methods Adult patients under intermittent catheterization were randomized 1:1 to receive one injection of onabotulinumtoxinA 300U or oxybutynin 5mg, per oris, three times/day. Primary study endpoint was change in urinary incontinence episodes/24 hours and secondary study endpoints were maximum cystometric capacity, maximum detrusor pressure, bladder compliance and quality of life before randomization and at week 24. Results Sixty-eight patients participated in the trial. Significant improvements in urinary incontinence per 24 hours, all investigated urodynamic parameters and quality of life were observed in both groups. Compared with oral oxybutynin, onabotulinumtoxinA was significantly more efficacious for all parameters investigated. Non-response to treatment was higher for oral oxybutynin (23.5%) than onabotulinumtoxinA (11.8%). Dry mouth was the most common adverse in patients with oral oxybutynin (72%) and transient macroscopic hematuria in patients with onabotulinumtoxinA (28%). Only one patient with oral oxybutynin dropped out the study because of adverse effects. Conclusion The comparison of the two study drugs showed that onabotulinumtoxinA was significantly more efficacious than oral oxybutynin with regard to continence, urodynamic parameters and quality of life. Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT:01477736.

RESUMO Objetivo Comparar prospectivamente os resultados de injeções intradetrusoras de onabotulinumtoxinA e oxibutinina oral em pacientes com hiperatividade neurogênica do detrusor devido à lesão da medula espinhal, para avaliar a continência urinária, os parâmetros urodinâmicos e a qualidade de vida. Métodos Pacientes adultos em cateterismo intermitente foram randomizados 1:1 para tratamento com uma injeção de onabotulinumtoxinA 300U ou oxibutinina 5mg via oral, três vezes por dia. O desfecho primário foi alteração nos episódios de incontinência urinária em 24 horas, e os secundários foram capacidade cistométrica máxima, pressão máxima do detrusor, complacência vesical e qualidade de vida antes da randomização e na 24ª semana. Resultados Participaram do estudo 68 pacientes. Observou-se melhora significativa na incontinência urinária por 24 horas em todos os parâmetros urodinâmicos investigados e na qualidade de vida em ambos os grupos. Em comparação com a oxibutinina oral, a onabotulinumtoxinA foi significativamente mais eficaz para todos os parâmetros investigados. A falha no tratamento foi maior para oxibutinina oral (23,5%) em comparação com onabotulinumtoxinA (11,8%). A boca seca foi o evento adverso mais comum em pacientes tratados com oxibutinina oral (72%), e a hematúria macroscópica transitória naqueles tratados com onabotulinumtoxinA (28%). Apenas um paciente tratado com oxibutinina oral interrompeu o estudo por conta dos efeitos adversos. Conclusão A comparação dos dois fármacos do estudo mostrou que onabotulinumtoxinA foi significativamente mais eficaz que oxibutinina oral em relação a continência, parâmetros urodinâmicos e qualidade de vida. Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT:01477736.

Long-term response of different Botulinum toxins in refractory neurogenic detrusor overactivity due to spinal cord injury

ABSTRACT Purpose To assess the response in spinal cord injured patients alternatively treated with different types and dosages of Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) over 15 years. Material and methods Patients who underwent first BoNT/A from 1999-2001 and practiced intermittent catheterization were included. Baseline 3-day bladder diary (BD) and urodynamics were collected. BoNT/A failure was defined when patients asked for re-injection ≤ 3 months post-treatment. Criteria for re-injection was at least one daily episode of urinary incontinence at BD. Before re-injection, patients were asked if they had reached 6 months of dryness without antimuscarinics (YES response). Results Overall, 32/60 (53.4%) "No failure" (NF) group; 16 (26.6%) "occasional failure" (OF) and 12 (20%) "consecutive failure" (CF) were included. A total of 822 BoNT/A infiltrations were performed. The mean interval from previous injection to treatment re-scheduling was 8 months. No significant differences between treatments were found within the three groups (p>0.05). The percentage of YES responses increased from 19% (AboBoNT/A 500IU) to 29 % (OnaBoNT/A 300IU) in NF, and from 18% (AboBoNT/A 500IU) to 25% (OnaBoNT/A 300IU) for OF. Five NF cases (15.6%) maintained 6 months of dryness after each injection. Among the baseline variables, only low compliance (< 20mL/cmH2O) was found as predictor for failure (p=0.006). Conclusions Long term BoNT/A for NDO did not increase failures, independent of the types of treatments and switching. Definition of failure and other criteria for continuing repetitive BoNT/A treatment is mandatory. CF was predictable for no response in earlier follow-up.

Prevalencia de dolor de hombro y sus factores asociados en lesionados medulares parapléjicos usuarios de silla de ruedas / Shoulder pain prevalence and associated factors in spinal cord-injured paraplegic wheelchair users

INTRODUCCIÓN: la prevalencia de dolor de hombro en pacientes parapléjicos usuarios de silla de ruedas es elevada. existe consenso en que el uso de la silla de ruedas manual es un factor importante en el origen de este dolor. no existen estudios en Chile acerca del tema. OBJETIVO: determinar la prevalencia y factores asociados a dolor de hombro en personas con paraplejia secundaria a lesión medular traumática, usuarios de sillas de ruedas, describiendo también las características del dolor. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo transversal en personas adultas con paraplejia secundaria a lesión medular traumática, que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. previo consentimiento informado, se les aplicó un cuestionario ISCIPDS:B, enfocado a dolor de hombro. además de preguntar qué tipo de silla de ruedas utilizan, tiempo de autopropulsión, uso de guantes de propulsión y ocupación previa a la lesión medular. se recuperaron datos de registros en ficha clínica para identificar sexo, edad, fecha del accidente, ASIA impairment scale (AIS) y nivel neurológico de la lesión. RESULTADOS: 59 pacientes cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. de ellos, el 61% de ellos refirió dolor en hombro (s). no hubo una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre el dolor en el hombro y la edad, tiempo de evolución de lesión medular, AIS, nivel de lesión neurológica, tipo de silla de ruedas ni el tiempo de uso de la silla de ruedas manual. hubo una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre uso de guantes de propulsión y el dolor de hombro. la afectación bilateral es más frecuente que unilateral. el dolor promedio fue de NRS 5,6. la duración fue referida principalmente como constante, mayor a 1 hora pero menor a 24 horas. la mayor intensidad de dolor se reportó como vespertina. CONCLUSIONES: la prevalencia de dolor de hombro en pacientes chilenos con paraplejia secundaria a lesión medular traumática es alta. es necesaria mayor investigación para determinar si los hallazgos de este estudio se extrapolan a la población general con lesión medular traumática.

INTRODUCCIÓN: the prevalence of shoulder pain in paraplegic patients using wheelchair is high. there is consensus that the use of manual wheelchair is an important factor in the origin of this pain. there are no studies in Chile about this. OBJECTIVE: to determine the prevalence and factors associated with shoulder pain in paraplegic patients for traumatism with spinal cord injury (SCI) wheelchair users, also describing the characteristics of pain. MATERIALS AND METHODS: descriptive transversal study in adults paraplegic patients for traumatism with SCI, who met inclusion criteria. an ISCIPDS:B questionnaire was previously informed, focused on shoulder pain, also asking what kind of wheelchair is being used, time of propulsion, use of propulsion gloves, and if it was being used before the spinal cord injury. further clinical record data were retrieved to identify gender, age, date of accident, ASIA, and neurological injury level. RESULTS: 59 patients met the inclusion criteria, 61% of them reported shoulder pain. there was no statistically significant association between shoulder pain and age, duration of SCI, ASIA, neurological level of injury, type of wheelchair, nor usage time of the manual wheelchair. there was a statistically significant association between the use of gloves propulsion and shoulder pain. bilateral involvement is more often. the average pain was NRS 5.6. the duration was mainly referred as a constant greater than 1hour but less than 24hours. the greater intensity of pain was reported during the evening. CONCLUSIONS: the prevalence of shoulder pain in chilean paraplegic for spinal cord traumatic injury is high. more research is needed to determine whether the findings of this study are extrapolated to the general population.

Traumatic spinal cord injury: current concepts and treatment update / Traumatismo raquimedular: conceitos atuais e atualizações terapêuticas

ABSTRACT Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects 1.3 million North Americans, with more than half occurring after trauma. In Brazil, few studies have evaluated the epidemiology of SCI with an estimated incidence of 16 to 26 per million per year. The final extent of the spinal cord damage results from primary and secondary mechanisms that start at the moment of the injury and go on for days, and even weeks, after the event. There is convincing evidence that hypotension contributes to secondary injury after acute SCI. Surgical decompression aims at relieving mechanical pressure on the microvascular circulation, therefore reducing hypoxia and ischemia. The role of methylprednisolone as a therapeutic option is still a matter of debate, however most guidelines do not recommend its regular use. Neuroprotective therapies aiming to reduce further injury have been studied and many others are underway. Neuroregenerative therapies are being extensively investigated, with cell based therapy being very promising.

RESUMO O traumatismo raquimedular (TRM) afeta 1.3 milhão de norte americanos, sendo mais da metade secundário a trauma.No Brasil, pouco estudos avaliaram sistematicamente a epidemiologia do TRM, mas estima-se uma incidência de 16 a 26 por milhão por ano. A extensão final do dano medular é resultante de mecanismos primários e secundários, que começam no momento do evento e prosseguem por dias e até semanas seguintes. Há fortes evidências de que a hipotensão contribua para danos secundários pós TRM. A cirurgia descompressiva visa a aliviar a compressão mecânica sobre a microcirculação, assim reduzindo isquemia e hipóxia. O papel da metilprednisolona no tratamento de pacientes com TRM é controverso, não sendo recomandada pela maior parte das diretrizes atuais. Terapias neuroprotetoras visando a reduzir injúria adicional foram e vêm sendo estudadas. Terapias neurorregenerativas estão sob investigação ampla, sendo a terapia celular uma forte promessa.

Representações sociais de pescadores com lesão medular: repercussões e trajetória de vida / Representaciones sociales de pescadores con lesión medular: repercusiones e historia de vida / Social representations of fishermen with spinal cord injury: impacts and life trajectory

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar as representações sociais da trajetória de vida dos pescadores artesanais com lesão medular vítimas de acidente por mergulho nas praias do litoral Norte do Rio Grande do Norte. Método: estudo descritivo, de natureza qualitativa, desenvolvido com 31 pescadores entre outubro de 2013 e agosto de 2014, mediante entrevista semiestruturada. Empregou-se a análise lexicográfica e classificação hierárquica descendente dos textos (software ALCESTE), sob a ótica das Representações Sociais. Resultados: as representações sociais dos pescadores com lesão medular apresentaram as experiências com as limitações físicas e expectativas de aposentadoria, estas últimas configurando-se como uma realidade distante das exigências impostas por nossas leis trabalhistas. Conclusão: exigem-se medidas de promoção, prevenção e reabilitação da saúde do pescador vítima de lesão medular, além de condições seguras e dignas de trabalho como compromisso das políticas de saúde.

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar las representaciones sociales de la historia de vida de pescadores artesanales con lesión medular víctimas de accidente de buceo en las playas del litoral Norte de Rio Grande do Norte. Método: estudio descriptivo, de naturaleza cuantitativa, desarrollado con 31 pescadores entre octubre de 2013 y agosto de 2014, mediante entrevista semiestructurada. Se empleó análisis lexicográfico y clasificación jerárquica descendiente en los textos (software ALCESTE), en la visión de las Representaciones Sociales. Resultados: las representaciones sociales de los pescadores con lesión medular expresaron las experiencias de las limitaciones físicas y expectativas de jubilación, configurándose éstas como realidad distante de las exigencias impuestas por la legislación laboral vigente. Conclusión: se requieren medidas de promoción, prevención y rehabilitación de la salud del pescador víctima de lesión medular, además de condiciones laborales seguras y dignas, con compromiso de las políticas de salud.

ABSTRACT Objective: analyze social representations in the life trajectory of artisanal fishermen with spinal cord injury caused by diving on the north coast of Rio Grande do Norte. Method: a descriptive, qualitative study was conducted with 31 fishermen between October 2013 and August 2014, using a semi-structured interview. A lexicographic analysis and descending hierarchical classification of texts were performed (with software ALCESTE), in the perspective of the social representations. Results: social representations of fishermen with spinal cord injury presented experiences with physical limitations and expectations regarding retirement, which appeared as a distant reality from the requirements in Brazilian labor laws. Conclusion: measures are required for the promotion, prevention and rehabilitation of the health of fishermen with spinal cord injury, as well as safe and decent fishing conditions, with the commitment of health authorities.

Morbidity and mortality associated with conservative management of spinal cord injury in Makurdi, north central Nigeria

Background Spinal cord injury is commonly associated with morbidity and mortality. This is further worsened by inadequate rehabilitation because of dearth of infrastructure, equipment and personnel Objectives:To identify the complications and causes of death in traumatic spinal cord injury patients.Methodology: A 4-year retrospective review of all traumatic spinal cord injured patients treated at Benue State University Teaching Hospital Makurdi was conducted. The information on age, sex, occupation, cause, associated injuries, level of injury, neurological deficit, American spinal cord injury association (ASIA) score at presentation, complications and outcome were obtained from medical records department. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 17.0 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, USA).Results: There were 62 patients with a mean age of 36.02±1.67 years (range 8-77 years) consisting of 54 males and 8 females giving a male to female ratio of 6.8:1. They included students 13(21%) and farmers 10(16.1%). Road traffic crash accounted for 35(56.5%). Majority had cervical spine injury 22(62.8%) and accounted for complications in 20(36.4%). Bed sores occurred in 22(35.5%). ASIA A had the highest frequency of complications 22(35.5%). Eleven patients died giving a case fatality of 31.4%. The patients died from respiratory failure 4(36.4%) and sepsis 2(18.2%). Conclusion: Many complications including bed sores and orthostatic pneumonia result from spinal cord injury leading to high morbidity and death from sepsis and respiratory failure

Actualización en la fisiopatología y manejo de traumatismo raquimedular: revisión bibliográfica / Actualization in pathophysiology and management of traumatic spinal cord injury: literature review

El Traumatismo Raquimedular (TRM) implica todas las lesiones traumáticas que dañan los huesos, ligamentos, músculos, cartílagos, estructuras vasculares, radiculares o meníngeas a cualquier nivel de la médula espinal. Las consecuencias personales, familiares, sociales y económicas de esta enfermedad, hacen que sea un tema relevante en la actualidad. El propósito de esta revisión es entregar al lector las herramientas elementales sobre el TRM, y está principalmente enfocada en el tratamiento, el cual se aborda estrechamente relacionado con la fisiopatología para comprender los mecanismos moleculares y biomecánicos de trauma, incluyendo sus complicaciones y el manejo de éstas. Respecto al tratamiento del TRM, se aborda la evidencia que ofrecen las terapias actualmente validadas y las aún controversiales, incluyendo los glucocorticoides, la reducción cerrada y la cirugía precoz. Además las terapias emergentes como la hipotermia terapéutica, los nuevos agentes neuroprotectores que se encuentran en fases preclínicas y clínicas de estudio como el riluzol, la minociclina, el litio, los antagonistas opioides, entre otros, y los agentes neurorregenerativos como el Cethrin y el Anti-Nogo que han mostrado buenos resultados en la recuperación neurológica. Las recomendaciones actuales respecto a la terapia con células madre y subtipos de células madre en la actualidad, es que deben llevarse a cabo sólo en el contexto de ensayos clínicos. Aunque aún no existen terapias que permitan la recuperación neurológica completa en todos o la mayoría de los pacientes, las terapias emergentes prevén un futuro promisorio en los resultados clínicos de los pacientes con TRM.

The traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) involves all traumatic injuries that harm the bones, ligaments, muscles, cartilage, vascular, radicular or meningeal structures, at any level of the spinal cord. The personal, family, social and economic consequences of this disease, make it an important issue today. The purpose of this review is to provide the reader, the basic tools of the TRM, and it is mainly aimed at the treatment, which it approaches closely related to the pathophysiology, to understand the molecular and biomechanical mechanisms of trauma, including its complications and his management. Regarding treatment of TSCI, the evidence offered by currently validated and controversial therapies is discussed, including glucocorticoids, closed reduction and early surgery. Also emerging therapies such as therapeutic hypothermia, new neuroprotective agents currently in preclinical and clinical phases as riluzole, minocycline, lithium, opioid antagonists, among others, and neuroregenerative agents like Cethrin and Anti- Nogo that have shown good results in neurological recovery. Current recommendations for therapy with stem cells and subtype stem cell, is that only should be carried out in the context of clinical trials. Although there are not still therapies that allow full neurological recovery in all or most patients, emerging therapies provide a promising future in the clinical outcomes of patients with TRM.

Sphingosine Kinase 1 urothelial expression is increased in patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity

Objectives: To evaluate the expression of sphingosine kinase 1 (SPK1) in the bladder wall in patients with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction and its association with clinical, urodynamic and pathological features. Materials and Methods: The expression of SPK1 was studied in bladder wall specimens obtained from cystectomy using immunohistochemistry in ten patients with spinal cord injury (n=8) or multiple sclerosis (n=2) with urodynamically proven neuropathic bladder dysfunction, and in controls (n=5). Inflammation and fibrosis were analysed with histological criteria and SPK1 expression was determined by individual immunohistochemical staining. Results: Significant increased SPK1 urothelial immunoreactivity was shown in patients compared to control group (p=0.03). By contrast, SPK1 immunoreactivity in patients was significantly decreased in the sub-urothelium, muscles and nerves, p=0.02; 0.01 and 0.003, respectively. Patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) had higher SPK1 urothelium expression than those without any DO (p=0.04). Conclusions: SPK1 is expressed in the human bladder wall, specifically the urothelium, in bladder specimens from patients with NDO. The role of SPK1 in the pathophysiology of NDO needs further elucidation.

Bladder response to acute sacral neuromodulation while treating rats in different phases of complete spinal cord injury: a preliminary study

Background: Compared to conventional therapies, sacral neuromodulation (SNM) may offer an alternative, non-destructive treatment for SCI patients with bladder dysfunction. Understanding bladder response to SNM treatment for SCI in different phases may yield new insights for innovative use of this promising technique. Materials and Methods: Female Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study to examine the effects of acute SNM on bladder reflex in complete SCI rats. All rats were anesthetized and set up for continuous saline infusion. Acute SNM treatment was implemented for about 6 hours for each rat. Cystometric parameters, including time between contractions, contraction duration, bladder peak pressure, and number of uninhibited contractions, were analyzed and compared within rats before and after SNM treatment. Results: For the spinally transected rats during early phase (less than two weeks post spinalization), the time between contractions and contraction duration both increased after SNM treatments, yet the increased amplitude was about or less than 20%. For the spinally transected rats with a longer days survival (about two to four weeks post spinalization), the time between contractions and contraction duration substantially increased after SNM treatment and the changes for their average values were more than 90%. For the spinally transected rats with a much longer days survival (more than five weeks post spinalization), the time between contractions and contraction duration increased after SNM treatments, yet the magnitude of changes were less than 30%. Conclusion: The present study suggested that the significant effectiveness of SNM for complete SCI played its role after the spinal shock phase and prior to the development of detrusor overactivity. It indicated that the time point of SNM treatment is necessary to be paid attention.